Journal: Drug Safety

Article Title: Large-scale Empirical Identification of Candidate Comparators for Pharmacoepidemiological Studies

doi: 10.1007/s40264-025-01569-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Depiction of analytic workflow. Step 1: cohort definition and bulk generation in real-world databases, with approximate numbers of ingredient- and class-based cohorts. Step 2: (a) extraction of covariate data for each cohort, (b) removal of rare covariates. Step 3: (a) formation of all pairs of cohorts with at least 1000 patients, (b) computation of cosine similarity using covariate prevalence data in each domain, (c) averaging of domain-specific cosine similarity scores to obtain final cohort similarity score. ATC Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical, CCAE Commercial Claims and Encounters, ER emergency room, IP inpatient, MDCD Multi-State Medicaid, MDCR Merative™ MarketScan ® Medicare Supplemental

Article Snippet: Ranked comparator lists for these example drugs varied according to data source (Figs. , A), with the highest degree of correlation between CCAE, MarketScan ® Multi-State Medicaid, and Optum.

Techniques: Extraction

Journal: Drug Safety

Article Title: Large-scale Empirical Identification of Candidate Comparators for Pharmacoepidemiological Studies

doi: 10.1007/s40264-025-01569-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Distribution of average cosine similarity scores computed across all available candidate comparators for six example drugs, by data source. Note that glatiramer and ocrelizumab did not meet the 1000 patient sample size cutoff in Merative™ MarketScan ® Medicare Supplemental (MDCR) or Japan Medical Data Center (JMDC), so results are not present for these data sources. The number of available comparators ranged from 988 to 1359, depending on data source. CCAE Commercial Claims and Encounters, MDCD Multi-State Medicaid

Article Snippet: Ranked comparator lists for these example drugs varied according to data source (Figs. , A), with the highest degree of correlation between CCAE, MarketScan ® Multi-State Medicaid, and Optum.

Techniques:

Journal: Drug Safety

Article Title: Large-scale Empirical Identification of Candidate Comparators for Pharmacoepidemiological Studies

doi: 10.1007/s40264-025-01569-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Distribution of cohort similarity scores (panel A ) and number of comparisons (panel B ), by relatedness in Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) hierarchy and data source. All target–comparator pairs were stratified by the distance between the two drugs in the ATC hierarchy (“4”, indicating that both drugs are in same low-level class, through “0”, indicating that the drugs do not share any common drug class ancestry). Cohort pairs in which the target and comparator are both members of an ATC level 5 class are omitted as these classes are frequently used for individual drugs or combination products. Whiskers are truncated at 10th and 90th percentiles. White circles indicate mean values. CCAE Commercial Claims and Encounters, MDCD Multi-State Medicaid, MDCR Merative™ MarketScan ® Medicare Supplemental

Article Snippet: Ranked comparator lists for these example drugs varied according to data source (Figs. , A), with the highest degree of correlation between CCAE, MarketScan ® Multi-State Medicaid, and Optum.

Techniques:

Journal: Drug Safety

Article Title: Large-scale Empirical Identification of Candidate Comparators for Pharmacoepidemiological Studies

doi: 10.1007/s40264-025-01569-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pairwise rank correlations in cohort similarity scores between data sources for six example drugs ( A ) and cosine similarity scores among 627 candidate comparators for warfarin observed in both Commercial Claims and Encounters (CCAE) and Japan Medical Data Center (JMDC) ( B ). MDCD Multi-State Medicaid, MDCR Merative™ MarketScan ® Medicare Supplemental

Article Snippet: Ranked comparator lists for these example drugs varied according to data source (Figs. , A), with the highest degree of correlation between CCAE, MarketScan ® Multi-State Medicaid, and Optum.

Techniques:

Journal: Drug Safety

Article Title: Large-scale Empirical Identification of Candidate Comparators for Pharmacoepidemiological Studies

doi: 10.1007/s40264-025-01569-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Proportion of covariates at various levels of imbalance according to the standardized mean difference (SMD) among 100 randomly selected target cohorts and their comparators ranked 1st and 500th, by data source. ATC Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical, CCAE Commercial Claims and Encounters, JMDC Japan Medical Data Center, MDCD Multi-State Medicaid, MDCR Merative™ MarketScan ® Medicare Supplemental

Article Snippet: Ranked comparator lists for these example drugs varied according to data source (Figs. , A), with the highest degree of correlation between CCAE, MarketScan ® Multi-State Medicaid, and Optum.

Techniques: